Appreciation of English Poetry
诗以高度固结的措辞抒发着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其独有的节拍与体例影响着人们的精力天下。诗讲求遐想,应用意味、比喻、拟人等各类修辞手段,构成了怪异的措辞艺术。
英诗不计其数,篇幅是非不一。为使大师领会英诗,并能赏识,请大师进修以下四个方面的内容:诗的格律、诗的压韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
一、 诗的格律
格律是是每一个音步轻重音节摆列的格局,也是朗诵时轻重音的根据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的阐发单元。重读音节为扬(重),非重读音节为抑(轻),音步之间可用“/”离隔。以下是五种罕见格局: 1. 顿挫格(轻重格)Iambus:是最罕见的一种格局,每一个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
注: art=are thou=you luve=love thee[thou的宾格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步穿插。
2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每一个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节)。
Tiger!/ Tiger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
3. 抑顿挫格(悄悄重格)Anapaestic foot: 每一个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑顿挫格
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 扬抑抑格(重悄悄格)Dactylic foot: 每一个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格
ˊTouch her not / scornfully,
ˊThink of her / mournfully.
5. 顿挫抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每一个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步顿挫抑格︶
下例中双音步为顿挫格。
O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight.
在统一首诗中常会显现差别的格律,格律剖析对朗诵诗歌有必然参考代价。现代诗中常不遵照标准的格律。
二、 诗的压韵
压韵是指经由过程反复元音或子音以到达必然音韵结果的诗歌写作手段。
1. 尾韵:最罕见,最重要的压韵体例。
1) 联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
2) 穿插韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
3) 同韵:有的诗压韵,一韵究竟,大多是在统一节诗中共用一个韵脚。以下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开首的子音不异,构成压韵。下例中应用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵活泼写出了船在海上轻盈飞行的气象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间元音的反复构成的外部压韵。
上面一节诗中/i/及/iη/反复照顾,显现出一派欢喜平和的氛围。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分红几节(stanza),每节由几多诗行构成(每行诗均以大写字母开首);有的诗则不分节。今朝咱们罕见的诗体有:
1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪官方抒怀短诗,十三、十四世纪风行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行发问,后六行回覆。
厥后,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗惹人英国,五音步顿挫格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节发问,后二句论断。
斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。
Sonnet 60
Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend,
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned,
Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,
And time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.
And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
Notes:
1. pibbled : pebbled 铺着卵石的
2.In sequent toil all forwards do contend: Toiling and following each othe, the waves struggle to press forward. 波浪前推后涌,一个个在奋勇抢先。此处是比喻,指工夫不停歇地流逝。
3.in the main of light: 光亮的金海
4.crawls: 蒲伏
5.crooked eclipses: 凶暴的日食
6.transfix the flourish set on youth: remove the embellishment on the face of the youth.戳破了芳华脸颊上的光华(指时候)。
7. delves the paralles: dig the paralledl furrows (wrinkles):挖下沉陷的战壕 (比喻用法,立即候在人的交前额下流下深深的皱纹)
8.scythe to mow: 镰刀的收割(比喻用法,意指工夫的无情流逝)
9. times in hope: future times 将来,将来,
1. 像波浪滔不时地滚向沙岸
2.咱们的工夫息息奔赴着起点;
3.后浪和前浪不时地轮回替代,
4.前推后拥,一个个在奋勇抢先。
5.生辰,一度出现于光亮的金海,
6.蒲伏到丁壮,而后,既登上极顶,
7.凶冥的日食便遮没它的光华,
8.工夫又撕毁了它畴前的赠品。
9.工夫戳破了芳华颊上的光艳,
10.在美的前额挖下深陷的战壕,
11.天然的至珍都被它任意狂喊,
12.统统矗立的都难逃它的镰刀:
13.可是我的诗将来将耸峙千古,
14.称道你的美德,不论它多严酷!
这首诗的主题是时候的无情,和诗歌的不朽和永久。墨客一路头便以活泼的视觉意象为比喻,吸收了读者的重视力。墨客除用大海波浪的滔滔向前比喻人生工夫的无情流淌,生生不时外,还用了太阳的金光被日食遮住作比喻,申明工夫无情灭亡,统统夸姣的工具和芳华都不会永久逗留,而会随时候的流逝而敏捷磨灭。(delves the .... )这句,比喻时候会使芳华仙颜老去。这个比喻乍一听有点夸大,太虚张气势或小题大做,现实上这正与诗的高尚严厉的主题相协调,显现出时候壮大的粉碎力。第2行,墨客又用了第三个意象来比喻时候:时候的流逝就像镰刀的收割。最初这两个不太温顺的比喻都表示了时候的无情和暴虐,活泼之极。像凡是十四行诗的最初现行一样,墨客在最初做了论断:时候严酷,但他的诗将耸峙千古,称道“你”的美德。
这首诗的最初的“你”,颇使人迷惑。照一些攻讦家的预测,莎士比亚的十四行诗或是献给一个漂亮的单身青年,或是给一们乌黑的斑斓密斯。这首诗的“你”究竟是谁,让人费考虑。
2. 打油诗(Limericks):凡是是小笑话乃至是扯谈,普通不标题也无作者姓名,含有诙谐嘲讽性,常应用双关,内韵等手段。每首诗五个诗行,压韵为aabba,格律以顿挫格和抑顿挫格为主。
There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步顿挫格,不压韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,
Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
Of jocund din!…
4. 自在诗(Free Verse):现代诗中罕见的体式,是非差别的诗行存在于统一首诗中,不讲求压韵与格律,只重视诗歌所抒发的意象和通报的豪情。美国墨客Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>(Leaves of Grass)中,就接纳此格局。
四、 诗的评判
对一首诗,小我的感触感染会有差别。节拍流利,措辞精辟,遐想新奇的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词采,一味抒发豪情而无现实内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大批接纳自在诗体,靠近白话,堪称斗胆立异,大要也是诗歌成长的局势所趋吧。
请把上面的中文诗歌译成英文:
斑斓的心灵
夜,很美,
正如人们的脸。
星星,很美,
正如人们的眼。
太阳也很美,
如同人们斑斓的心灵。
Souls of My People
The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people.
Beautiful, also is the sun,
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
请把上面的英文诗译成中文:
Time
To realize the valve of ONE EYEAR
ask the student who has failed a class.
To realize the value of ONE MONTH,
ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.
To realize the value of ONE WEEK,
ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.
To realize the value of ONE HOUR,
ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.
To realize the value of ONE MINUTE,
ask a person who missed the train.
To realize the value of ONE SECOND,
ask a person who just avoided an accident.
To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND,
ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.
Treasure every moment that you have!
Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is mystery.
Today is a gift. That\'s why it\'s called the present!!
《斯卡布罗集市/颂歌》(Scarborough Fair/ Canticle)原是一首陈旧的英国民歌,其发源可一直追溯到中世纪。厥后英国民歌手马汀卡西(Martin Carthy)在原歌的根本上加进了本身的再创造,把它变成了一首很是美好的恋情歌曲。西蒙在英国时从卡西那边学会了这首歌。他又再创造性地把本身写的一首反战歌曲《山坡上》(The Side Of A Hill)作为副歌和这首歌混在一路,用对比的手段抒发了对战斗的巴望。(括号内是的《颂歌》的歌词):
《Scarborough Fair》诗经体译词以下(英中对比)
英文原歌词 诗经体的格局歌词
Scarborough Fair 《斯卡布罗集市》
Are you going to Scarborough Fair 问尔所之,是不是如适
Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙兰芫荽,郁郁香芷
Remember me to one who lives there 彼方淑女,凭君寄辞
She once was a true love of mine 伊人曾在,与我相知
Tell her to make me a cambric shirt 嘱彼才子,备我衣缁
Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙兰芫荽,郁郁香芷
Without no seams nor needle work 勿用针砧,无隙无疵
Then she will be a true love of mine 伊人安在,慰我相思
伴唱:
On the side of hill in the deep forest green 彼山之阴,深林荒址
Tracing of sparrow on snow crested brown 冬寻毡毯,老雀燕子
Blankets and bed clothers the child of maintain 雪覆四野,平地迟滞
Sleeps unawafe of the clarion call 眠而不觉,寒笳清嘶
Tell her to find me an acre of land 嘱彼才子,营我家室
Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙兰芫荽,郁郁香芷
Between the salt water and the sea strand 良田所修,大海之坻
Then she will be a true love of mine 伊人应在,任我相视
伴唱:
On the side of hill a sprinkling of leaves 彼山之阴,叶疏苔蚀
Washes the grave with slivery tears 涤我孤冢,珠泪渐渍
A soldier cleans and polishes a gun 昔我长剑,日日扫除
Sleeps unaware of the clarion call 寂而不觉,寒笳长嘶
Tell her to reap it with a sickle of leather 嘱彼才子,收我秋实
Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙兰芫荽,郁郁香芷
And gather it all in a bunch of heather 敛之集之,勿弃勿失
Then she will be a ture love of mine 伊人犹在,唯我相誓
伴唱:
War bellows blazing in scarlet battalions 狼烟印啸,浴血之师
Generals order their soldiers to kill and to fight for a cause将帅有令,勤王之事
They have long ago forgoten 争斗缘何,久忘其旨
Sleeps unaware of the clarion call 痴而不觉,寒笳悲嘶
斯卡布罗集市/颂歌
你要去斯卡布罗集市吗?
那边有醉人的香草和鲜花
那香味让我想起一名住在那边的女人
我曾是那末地爱她
请让她为我做一件夏布的衣裳
(山坡上那片绿色的森林中)
欧芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香
(顺着麻雀在雪地上留下的一行足迹)
不接缝也找不到针脚
(在毯子上面找到一个山的孩子)
那才是我敬爱的女人
(他睡得正香听不到山下进军的军号)
请她为我找到一亩地盘
(山坡上落叶稀少)
欧芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香
(澎湃的泪水冲刷着大地)
坐落在海水和海滩之间
(一个兵士正在擦拭手中的枪)
那才是我敬爱的女人
请她用皮做的镰刀收割庄稼
(战役剧烈,红衣兵士冲向敌阵)
欧芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香
(将军号令兵士杀死仇敌)
再用石南草札成一堆
(战斗的方针早已被忘记)
那才是我敬爱的女人
你要去斯卡布罗集市吗?
那边有醉人的香草和鲜花
那香味让我想起一名住在那边的女人
我曾是那末地爱她
英诗赏识
EAGLE
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON (1809~1892)
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ringed with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
这短短六行,活泼地刻画出鹰之为王者的特质。
首节三行写其静、高孤而高贵。作者以he、hands、stands别离代替it、claws(爪)、和perches(栖身),拟人(personification)的用法使读者感应鹰的非比平常。更况且它像王者普通茕居(in lonely lands),有彼苍环抱(Ringed with the azure world),与白日相亲(Close to the sun)。首行/k/和/kr/的双声铿锵地表示出鹰的遒劲。
后三行写其动。作者仿照照旧以四周情况陪衬出鹰的威仪。从高踞山墙以内的鹰眼看来,澎湃的波涛不过是皱纹,在它脚下蒲伏。闪电般的爬升既是写实,也显现出鹰的「神」威-现代神只以雷电为科罚工具。
这首短诗的三、六两行各以掉尾句(periodic sentence)竣事。予人雄壮、结壮的感受,非常符合诗中所述鹰的王者身份。
THE ANT
RICHARD ARMOUR(1906~)
The ant, a prodigy of strength,
Lifes objects twice his weight and length
And never stops or sighs or glowers
Because it's after working hours.
Though underground, he bears the onus
And peril without thought of bonus,
And never once is heard to mention
Retiring on a tax-free pension.
Nor does he frown or look askance
At other, lighter-burdened ants.
Not one to bicker, blame, or sob.
The ant has but one flaw I see,
To wit, he doesn't work for me.
简评:
蚂蚁一贯被誉为“勤唱工”的典型。此诗更是逐一罗列这位“榜样工人”的美德:任务才能强,多做不诉苦,犯难不求赏,与“人”不计算,见利不思迁。这类工人真是只应“公开”有,“人”人间难求。无怪乎措辞者要扼腕叹道:“只惋惜他不为我任务。” 作者借蚂蚁而反衬出人类的私心。工致的韵脚添增了全诗的诙谐轻松氛围。
粗心:
蚂蚁这个鼎力士能举起比他体重身高多一倍的工具。它从不因过了放工时候而复工、叹息、或努目。固然在公开,他背负重任和危险,却从没想到盈利,并且没听他谈到退休用免税年金养老;他也不会对其余担子较轻的蚂蚁瞋目竖目。蚂蚁不是辩论、见怪或哭泣之徒,也不妄想较好的任务。我看蚂蚁只要一样瑕疵-那便是:他不为我任务。
Oh, Captain! My Captain
By Walt Whitman
Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red!
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here, Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck
You've fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse or will;
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult, O Shores! and ring, O bell!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
船主!我的船主!
瓦尔特惠特曼
啊, 船主!我的船主!恐怖的航程已实现;
这船历尽危险,祈求的方针已告竣。
口岸在望,钟声音,人们在欢乐。
万万双眼睛谛视着船----安稳,英勇,果断。
可是痛心啊!痛心!痛心!
瞧一滴滴鲜红的血!
船面上躺着我的船主,
他到下去,酷寒,永诀。
啊, 船主!我的船主!起来吧,聆听钟声;
起来吧,军号为您长鸣,旗帜为您高悬;
迎着您,几多花束花圈----候着您,万万人簇拥岸边;
他们向您高呼,拥来挤去,仰起殷切的脸;
啊,船主!敬爱的父亲!
我的手臂托着您的头!
难道是一场梦:在船面上
您到下去,酷寒,永诀。
我的船主不出声,嘴唇惨白,绝不转动;
我的父亲没感应我的手臂,不脉搏,不绝笔;
船舶抛锚停下,安然到达;航程结束;
历经艰险出航,夺得成功方针。
啊,岸上钟声齐鸣,啊,人们一片欢娱!
可是,我在船面上,在船主身边,
心悲切,行动繁重。
